De obicei marcajele sunt in perechi (ex:<p>...</p>). Primul element este marcajul de deschidere iar cel de-al doilea este marcajul de inchidere, care are pus in fata numelui simbolul "/".
De mentionat ca exista si marcaje fara pereche, ca de exemplu marcajul <br>.
Ce inseamna si cum se utilizeaza marcajele<p>...</p>, <br> , vei afla in curand, dar pana atunci trebuie sa ai ideie despre structura unui document HTML!
Structura documentului HTML
Prezint in continuare structura unui document HTML alcatuit din partile lui principale care le voi explica mai jos:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> |
Un document HTML se imparte in trei sectiuni:
- Prima linie contine versiunea documentului HTML. Pana nu demult lispa acesteia nu influenta in nici un mod afisarea paginii. Totusi, includerea ei este recomandata cel putin din doua considerente:
1. Asa o cere standardul 4.0
2. Exista asa programe numite HTML validatoare, cu ajutorul careia se poate de verificat corectitudinea documentului. Pentru a analiza pagina web ele folosesc anume acea versiune care o ai indicata in pagina.
<html> - Orice document html se incepe cu marcajul html - <head> - Cu acest marcaj se incepe cea de-a doua sectiune, care contine informatii ce nu se afiseaza in browser, cu exceptia marcajului <title> in care se specifica titlul paginii web si apare ca titlul ferestrei browser-ului.
Marcajul <head> contine informatii cu privire la cuvintele cheie, descrierea saitului, inserare de cod JavaScript in pagina, etc. - <body> - In interiorul acestui marcaj se afla tot continutul paginii web care va aparea in browser (text, imagini,etc.).
Asta a fost o scurta introducere teoretica asupra structurii documentului HTML. Si de aici incolo, se incepe partea interesanta a cursului si anume studierea elementelor limbajului HTML! Sa incepem cu textul!
Cum să vezi sursa unei pagini
Din când în când ne interesează să ne uităm în sursa unei pagini web – vrei, de exemplu, să vezi ce componentă, ce plugin ori ce temă folosește site-ul respectiv. În browserele moderne (Google Chrome, Firefox, Safari), acest lucru este posibil dând click dreapta pe pagina respectivă și alegând din meniul rapid opțiunea View Page Source.
Dar unele site-uri, în încercarea de a-și proteja conținutul, dezactivează click-ul dreapta – din punctul meu de vedere, acest lucru nu face decât să enerveze vizitatorii, căci cine vrea să copie ceva o poate face în voia cea bună accesând sursa paginii respective.
Să revin: pentru a accesa sursa paginii unui website care are dezactivat click dreapta, trebuie doar să adăugăm în fața adresei url două cuvinte – view-source:adresă_url.
Cum pot salva sursa unei pagini WEB?
Intentia mea este de a obtine niste date de pe o pagina web de la o adresa ex. www.un_site.ro. Pentru a obtine aceste date doresc sa salvez sursa acestei pagini intr-o variabila PHP, pentru ca mai apoi sa pot prelucra sirul de caractere din variabila in care s-a salvat sursa paginei respective.
Nu prea am idee deloc cum ar trebui facut. Stie cineva ?
add a note
d basin
bingo at dingo dot com
Martin K.
twichi at web dot de
lanresmith
Anonymous
jon+spamcheck at phpsitesolutions dot com
justin at visunet dot ie
vbchris at gmail dot com
Reversed: moc dot liamg at senroc dot werdna
marco dot remy at aol dot com ¶
info at carstanje dot com
Nu prea am idee deloc cum ar trebui facut. Stie cineva ?
file
(PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7)
file — Reads entire file into an array
Descrierea ¶
array file ( string
$filename [, int $flags = 0 [, resource $context ]] )
Reads an entire file into an array.
Parametri ¶
filename- Path to the file.
flags- The optional parameter
flagscan be one, or more, of the following constants:FILE_USE_INCLUDE_PATH- Search for the file in the include_path.
FILE_IGNORE_NEW_LINES- Do not add newline at the end of each array element
FILE_SKIP_EMPTY_LINES- Skip empty lines
context- A context resource created with the stream_context_create() function.
Valorile întoarse ¶
Returns the file in an array. Each element of the array corresponds to a line in the file, with the newline still attached. Upon failure, file() returns
FALSE.Erori/Excepții ¶
Emits an
E_WARNING level error if the file does not exist.Istoricul schimbărilor ¶
| Versiune | Descriere |
|---|---|
| 4.3.0 | file() became binary safe |
Exemple ¶
Example #1 file() example
<?php// Get a file into an array. In this example we'll go through HTTP to get
// the HTML source of a URL.$lines = file('http://www.example.com/');
// Loop through our array, show HTML source as HTML source; and line numbers too.foreach ($lines as $line_num => $line) {
echo "Line #<b>{$line_num}</b> : " . htmlspecialchars($line) . "<br />\n";
}
// Another example, let's get a web page into a string. See also file_get_contents().$html = implode('', file('http://www.example.com/'));
// Using the optional flags parameter since PHP 5$trimmed = file('somefile.txt', FILE_IGNORE_NEW_LINES | FILE_SKIP_EMPTY_LINES);?>A se vedea și
- readfile() - Outputs a file
- fopen() - Opens file or URL
- fsockopen() - Open Internet or Unix domain socket connection
- popen() - Opens process file pointer
- file_get_contents() - Reads entire file into a string
- include - include
- stream_context_create() - Creates a stream context
add a noteUser Contributed Notes 12 notes
21
8 years ago
this may be obvious, but it took me a while to figure out what I was doing wrong. So I wanted to share. I have a file on my "c:\" drive. How do I file() it?
Don't forget the backslash is special and you have to "escape" the backslash i.e. "\\":
<?php
$lines = file("C:\\Documents and Settings\\myfile.txt");
foreach($lines as $line)
{
echo($line);
}
?>
hope this helps...
22
4 years ago
To write all the lines of the file in other words to read the file line by line you can write the code like this:
<?php
$names=file('name.txt');// To check the number of lines echo count($names).'<br>';
foreach($names as $name)
{
echo $name.'<br>';
}?>
this example is so basic to understand how it's working. I hope it will help many beginners.
Regards,
Bingo
8
If the file you are reading is in CSV format do not use file(), use fgetcsv(). file() will split the file by each newline that it finds, even newlines that appear within a field (i.e. within quotations).
10
read from CSV data (file) into an array with named keys
... with or without 1st row = header (keys)
(see 4th parameter of function call as true / false)
<?php // --------------------------------------------------------------
function csv_in_array($url,$delm=";",$encl="\"",$head=false) {
$csvxrow = file($url); // ---- csv rows to array ----
$csvxrow[0] = chop($csvxrow[0]);
$csvxrow[0] = str_replace($encl,'',$csvxrow[0]);
$keydata = explode($delm,$csvxrow[0]);
$keynumb = count($keydata);
if ($head === true) {
$anzdata = count($csvxrow);
$z=0;
for($x=1; $x<$anzdata; $x++) {
$csvxrow[$x] = chop($csvxrow[$x]);
$csvxrow[$x] = str_replace($encl,'',$csvxrow[$x]);
$csv_data[$x] = explode($delm,$csvxrow[$x]);
$i=0;
foreach($keydata as $key) {
$out[$z][$key] = $csv_data[$x][$i];
$i++;
}
$z++;
}
}
else {
$i=0;
foreach($csvxrow as $item) {
$item = chop($item);
$item = str_replace($encl,'',$item);
$csv_data = explode($delm,$item);
for ($y=0; $y<$keynumb; $y++) {
$out[$i][$y] = $csv_data[$y];
}
$i++;
}
}
return $out;
}
// --------------------------------------------------------------
?>
fuction call with 4 parameters:
(1) = the file with CSV data (url / string)
(2) = colum delimiter (e.g: ; or | or , ...)
(3) = values enclosed by (e.g: ' or " or ^ or ...)
(4) = with or without 1st row = head (true/false)
<?php
// ----- call ------ $csvdata = csv_in_array( $yourcsvfile, ";", "\"", true ); // -----------------
// ----- view ------ echo "<pre>\r\n"; print_r($csvdata);
echo "</pre>\r\n"; // -----------------
?>
PS: also see: http://php.net/manual/de/function.fgetcsv.php to read CSV data into an array
... and other file-handling methods
^
0
Using if ( file(name.txt) ) might not be enough for testing if the file was successfully opened for reading because the file could be empty in which case the array returned is empty, so test instead with !==. e.g.:
$file_array = file('test.txt'); // an empty file
echo '<pre>';
if ( $file_array ) {
# code...
echo "success\n";
} else {
# code...
echo "failure\n"; // executed
}
if ( $file_array !== false ) {
# code...
echo "success\n"; // executed
} else {
# code...
echo "failure\n";
}
echo '</pre>';
result:
failure
success
-2
("file()'s problem with UTF-16" is wrong. This is updated.
The former may miss the last line of the string.)
file() seems to have a problem in handling
UTF-16 with or without BOM.
file() is likely to think "\n"=LF (0A) as a line-ending.
So, not only "000A" but also "010A, 020A,...,FE0A, FF0A,..."
are regarded as line-endings.
Moreover, file() causes a serious problem in UTF-16LE.
file() loses first "0A" (the first half of "0A00")!
And the next line begins with "00" (the rest of "0A00").
So lines after the first "0A" are totally different.
To avoid this phenomena,
eg. in case (php_script : UTF-8 , file : UTF-16 with line-ending "\r\n"),
<?php
mb_regex_encoding('UTF-16'); // to help mb_ereg_..() work properly$str = file_get_contents($file_path);$to_encoding = 'UTF-16'; // encoding of string$from_encoding = 'UTF-8'; // encoding of PHP_script$pattern1 = mb_convert_encoding('[^\r]*\r\n', $to_encoding, $from_encoding);mb_ereg_search_init($str, $pattern1);
while ($res = mb_ereg_search_regs()) {
$file[] = $res[0];
}$pattern2 = mb_convert_encoding('\A.*\r\n(.*)\z', $to_encoding, $from_encoding);mb_ereg($pattern2, $str, $match);
$file[] = $match[1];
?>
instead of
$file = file($file_path);
If line-ending is "\n",
$pattern1 = mb_convert_encoding('[^\n]*\n', $to_encoding, $from_encoding);
-9
A user suggested using rtrim always, due to the line ending conflict with files that have an EOL that differs from the server EOL.
Using rtrim with it's default character replacement is a bad solution though, as it removes all whitespace in addition to the '\r' and '\n' characters.
A good solution using rtrim follows:
<?php
$line = rtrim($line, "\r\n") . PHP_EOL;?>
This removes only EOL characters, and replaces with the server's EOL character, thus making preg_* work fine when matching the EOL ($)
-9
14 years ago
Note: Now that file() is binary safe it is 'much' slower than it used to be. If you are planning to read large files it may be worth your while using fgets() instead of file() For example:
<?php
$fd = fopen ("log_file.txt", "r");
while (!feof ($fd))
{
$buffer = fgets($fd, 4096);
$lines[] = $buffer;
} fclose ($fd); ?>
The resulting array is $lines.
I did a test on a 200,000 line file. It took seconds with fgets() compared to minutes with file().
-8
If you're getting "failed to open stream: Permission denied" when trying to use either file() or fopen() to access files on another server. Check your host doesn't have any firewall restrictions in-place which prevent outbound connections. This is the case with my host Aplus.net
-11
This note applies to PHP 5.1.6 under Windows (although may apply to other versions).
It appears that the 'FILE_IGNORE_NEW_LINES' flag doesn't remove newlines properly when reading Windows-style text files, i.e. files whose lines end in '\r\n'.
Solution: Always use 'rtrim()' in preference to 'FILE_IGNORE_NEW_LINES'.
-13
Here's my CSV converter
supports Header and trims all fields
Note: Headers must be not empty!
<?php
function csv2array($file, $delim = ';', $encl = '"', $header = false) {
# File does not exist
if(!file_exists($file))
return false;
# Read lines of file to array
$file_lines = file($file, FILE_IGNORE_NEW_LINES | FILE_SKIP_EMPTY_LINES);
# Empty file
if($file_lines === array())
return NULL;
# Read headers if you want to
if($header === true) {
$line_header = array_shift($file_lines);
$array_header = array_map('trim', str_getcsv($line_header, $delim, $encl));
}
$out = NULL;
# Now line per line (strings)
foreach ($file_lines as $line) {
# Skip empty lines
if(trim($line) === '')
continue;
# Convert line to array
$array_fields = array_map('trim', str_getcsv($line, $delim, $encl));
# If header present, combine header and fields as key => value
if($header === true)
$out[] = array_combine ($array_header, $array_fields);
else
$out[] = $array_fields;
}
return $out;
}?>
-25
Using file() for reading large text files > 10 Mb gives problems, therefore you should use this instead. It is much slower but it works fine. $lines will return an array with all the lines.
<?php
$handle = @fopen('yourfile...', "r");
if ($handle) {
while (!feof($handle)) {
$lines[] = fgets($handle, 4096);
}
fclose($handle);
} ?>